Maize Home
Coordinated
ecosystem maize breeding in Kenya: divergent-convergent maize improvement
approach with reference to biotic stress
O.M. Odongo, S.I.
Ajanga, J. Ininda
Biotic stress for
maize in Kenya varies in prominence depending on the variety grown and the
agro-ecological zone. Major causes of stress include Striga, northern
leaf blight caused by Exserohilum turcicum, maize streak virus
transmitted by leafhoppers, rust (Puccinia sorghi), gray leaf spot (Cercospora
zeae-maydis), stalk and ear rot (Diplodia maydis and Fusarium
spp.), stalk borer, and storage pests such as weevils and large grain
borers. The most effective and economic means of controlling these causes of
stress is resistance breeding. The approach used to identify desirable
germplasm involves exchange of germplasm among centres of the Kenya
Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) and the International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Inbred lines are screened at KARI-Muguga for
maize streak and KARI-Kakamega for gray leaf spot and northern leaf blight.
The selected lines based on independent culling selection are used to
develop single crosses, three-way crosses, top crosses and double-cross
hybrids. These crosses are evaluated through the maize testing system in
Muguga and in 5 or 6 sites in western Kenya, depending on the stage of
testing. Data taken during variety evaluation include relevant disease
scores, ear height, maturity and grain yield. The paper presents data on
selected inbred lines, single crosses, three-way crosses, top crosses and
double crosses and seed production attempts for the products of the
coordinated ecosystem breeding for maize in western Kenya. The approach has
released two hybrids, KH633A, and KH634A, which are undergoing seed
production. Two other hybrids, KM048 and KM2023, are in the final stages of
evaluation, and KM048 is likely to be released. Three new hybrids, KM20077,
KM20084 and KM20090, have been identified as high yielding and resistant to
gray leaf spot, northern leaf blight and maize streak virus. Grain yields
are 9.3 t ha–1 for KM20077, 9.7 t ha–1 for KM20084 and 10.7 t ha–1 for
KM20090 compared with the checks: KN633A (7.2 t ha–1), KN634A (7.7 t ha–1)
and Pb3253 (5.2 t ha–1). Twenty inbred lines resistant to northern leaf
blight, gray leaf spot and maize streak virus have also been identified and
are available for any of the KARI breeders to include in their breeding
program. The divergent-convergent breeding approach has enabled the KARI
maize-breeding program to identify desirable inbreds and hybrids in shorter
time than it could have taken if individual KARI centres had been working
independently. The approach has also encouraged sharing of information and
germplasm among KARI maize breeders.